19. How to reference in assessments

University of Botswana

Department of Media Studies

BMS 226 ETHICS FOR MEDIA PROFESSIONALS

HANDOUT 19: REFERENCING IN ASSESSMENTS

The following gives details on how you should reference sources of information in assessments

American Psychological Association (APA) style examples

SOURCE: Adapted from Monash University http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/apa.html

In text citing: General notes

• Insert an in-text citation:
• when your work has been influenced by someone else's work, for example:
• when you directly quote someone else's work
• when you paraphrase someone else's work
• The in-text citation consists of:
• author surname(s) (in the order that they appear on the actual publication), followed by the year of publication of the source that you are citing.
• include page or paragraph numbers for direct quotes, and for paraphrasing where appropriate
• The in-text citation is placed immediately after the text which refers to the source being cited
• If quoting or citing a source which is cited within another, secondary reference, mention the source with the secondary reference details: e.g. Smith (as cited in Jones, 2010). Only the secondary reference should be included in the reference list.

·         In text citations

Type of citation	Example and comments
1 author	...This was seen in an Australian study (Conger, 1979). OR Conger (1979) has argued that... OR In 1979, Conger conducted a study which showed that...
2 authors	...(Davidson & Harrington, 2002). OR Davidson and Harrington (2002)...
3 to 5 authors	Cite all names and publication year the first time, thereafter only the first name followed by et al. The first time cited: ...(Brown, Smith, & Jones, 1990). Brown, Smith, and Jones (1990)... thereafter: ...(Brown et al., 1990). Brown et al. (1990)...
6 or more authors	Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year from the first citation. Provide all six author names (followed by et al. if more authors) in the reference list. .... (Jones et al., 2003). Jones et al. (2003)...
Different authors: same surname	Add initials to the authors names to distinguish them P.R. Smith (1923) to distinguish from S. Smith (1945) ... (Jones & S.A. Brown, 1961) to distinguish from (W.O. Brown & Smith, 1985).
Multiple works: by same author	When cited together give the author's surname once followed by the years of each publication, which are separated by a comma. ... (Stairs, 1992, 1993). Stairs (1992, 1993)...
Multiple works by same author AND same year	If there is more than one reference by an author in the same year, suffixes (a, b, c, etc.) are added to the year. Allocation of the suffixes is determined by the order of the references in the reference list. Suffixes are also included in the reference list, and these references are listed alphabetically by title. If cited together, list by suffix as shown below. Stairs (1992b)... later in the text ... (Stairs, 1992a). ...(Stairs, 1992a, 1992b).
If author name is given as 'anonymous'	Use Anonymous as the author's name. ... (Anonymous, 1997).
Unknown author	Give the first few words of the title. If the title is from an article or a chapter use double quotation marks. If the title is from a periodical, book brochure or report then use italics. ...the worst election loss in the party's history ("This is the end," 1968).
Corporate or group of authors	If organization is recognized by abbreviation, cite the first time as follows: ... (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2005) thereafter ... (AIHW, 2005). If abbreviation not widely known, give the name in full every time: ... (Australian Research Council, 1996).
Multiple references	List the citations in alphabetical order and separate with semicolons. ... (Burst, 1995; Turner & Hooch, 1982; Zane, 1976).
Citing specific parts of a source	For a direct quote the page number(s) must be given. Indicate page, chapter, figure, table, etc. as specifically as possible. Use accepted abbreviations, i.e. chap. or para. As one writer put it "the darkest days were still ahead" (Weston, 1988, p. 45). Weston (1988) argued that "the darkest days were still ahead" (p. 45). This theory was put forward by Smith (2005, chap. 7)
Quote from an electronic source	Where page numbers are not provided use paragraph numbers. ...(Sturt, 2001, para. 2)
Personal communication: for email and other 'unrecoverable' data	Personal communications are not included in the reference list. ... (R. Smith, personal communication, January 28, 2002). R. Smith (personal communication, January 28, 2002)...
Citation of a secondary source (i.e. a source referred to in another publication)	In the reference list you ONLY include the details of the source you actually read - not the original source. In the example below, the original source would be Farrow (1968), which you saw cited in a paper by Ward and Decan (1988). ... (Farrow, 1968, as cited in Ward & Decan, 1988). Farrow (1968, as cited in Ward & Decan, 1988) ... Ward and Decan (1988) cited Farrow (1968) as finding...

Reference list

Scholarly articles

Type of article	Reference list example
Single author	Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 126(6), 910-924. doi: 10.1037//0033-2909.126.6.910
Two to seven authors	Bechara, A., Damasio, H., & Damasio A. R. (2000). Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 10(3), 295-307. doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.295
More than eight authors	Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., ...Griffin, W. A. (2000). An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother-child programs for children of divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 843-856. doi:10.1037//0022-006X.68.5.843
For an online article: provide the URL of the journal homepage	Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year of publication). Title of article. Journal Title, volume number(issue number), page-page. Retrieved from URL. Trankle, S. A., & Haw, J. (2009). Predicting Australian health behaviour from health beliefs. Electronic Journal of Applied Psychology, 5(2), 9-17. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap/

Magazine articles

Type of article	Reference list example
Online	Author, A. A. (year, month of publication). Title of article. Magazine Title, volume number(issue number), page-page. Retrieved from URL Novotney, A. (2010, January). Integrated care is nothing new for these psychologists. Monitor on Psychology, 41(1). Retrieved from www.apa.org/monitor
Print	Author, A. A. (year, month of publication). Title of article. Magazine Title, volume number(issue number), page-page. Wilson, D. S., & Wilson, E. O. (2007, November 3). Survival of the selfless. NewScientist, 196(2628), 42-46.

Newspaper articles

Type of article	Reference list example
Online	Author, A. A. (year, month date of publication). Title of article. Newspaper Title. Retrieved from URL Gadher, D. (2007, September 2). Leap in gambling addiction forecast. The Sunday Times. Retrieved from http://www.timesonline.co.uk
Print	Author, A. A. (year, month of publication). Title of article. Magazine Title, volume number(issue number), page-page. Packham, B. (2010, January 18). Bullies to show concern: schools to try Euro method that lets thugs off the hook. Herald-Sun. p. 6.

Books and book chapters

Editions: No edition information is required for first editions.
Publication location: Publisher locations in the U.S.A. should include the city and the abbreviated version of the state (e.g. NY for New York); elsewhere in the world, include the city and country. Where more than one location is provided, use the first location listed.

Type of book	Reference list example
Print book	Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year of publication). Title of book. Location of publication: Publisher. Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year of publication). Title of book (edition). Location of publication: Publisher. Mook, D. (2004). Classic experiments in psychology. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Edited book Use the author rules as listed above. Where there is an editor instead of an author, follow the author rules, but also include the abbreviation 'Ed.' or 'Eds.' in parentheses following the editor names: e.g. Editor, A. A., & Editor, B. B. (Eds.).	Editor, A. A., & Editor, B. B. (Eds.). (year of publication). Title of book (edition). Location of publication: Publisher. Williams, J. M. (Ed.). (2006). Applied sport psychology: personal growth to peak performance (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. Lee-Chai, A. Y., & Bargh, J. A. (Eds.). (2001). The use and abuse of power: Multiple perspectives on the causes of corruption. New York: Psychology Press.
Electronic book The URL provided should be the website of the main publisher or provider. If you accessed the e-book via the catalogue, check the catalogue record to find the publisher or provider (where the full text is available from). Tip: conduct a web search - provide a URL that your readers will be able to find the book from, e.g. via psycBOOKS: http://www.apa.org/pubs/databases/psycbooks/index.aspx Googlebooks: http://www.google.com.au/	Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year of publication). Title of book (edition). Retrieved from URL OR Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year of publication). Title of book (edition). doi:xxxx Editor, A. A., & Editor, B. B. (Eds.). (year of publication). Title of book (edition). Retrieved from URL OR Editor, A. A., & Editor, B. B. (Eds.). (year of publication). Title of book (edition). doi:xxxx Bennett, P. (2006). Abnormal and clinical psychology: an introductory textbook (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://www.eblib.com/ Marlatt, G. A., & Witkiewitz, K. (Eds.). (2009). Addictive behaviors: new readings on etiology, prevention, and treatment. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pubs/databases/psycbooks/index.aspx
Chapter in a print book	Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Location of publication: Publisher. Ramsey, J. K., & McGrew, W. C. (2005). Object play in great apes: studies in nature and captivity. In A. D. Pellegrini & P. K. Smith (Eds.), The nature of play: Great apes and humans (pp. 89-112). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Chapter in an electronic book	Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Retrieved from URL OR Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). doi:xxxx Branch, S., Ramsay, S., & Barker, M. (2008). The bullied boss: a conceptual exploration of upwards bullying. In A. Glendon, B. M. Thompson, & B. Myors (Eds.), Advances in organisational psychology (pp. 93-112). Retrieved from http://www.informit.com.au/humanities.html

Generic webpage

Notes:

• Use n.d. (no date) where no publication date is available.
• Where no author is available, transfer the organisation behind the website, or the title, to the author space.

Type of webpage	Reference list example
Generic webpage	Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of work. Retrieved from URL
Webpage: association as author	Australian Psychological Society. (2010). Bushfire resources: Psychological preparedness and recovery. Retrieved from http://www.psychology.org.au/bushfires/

Other resources

Type of resource	Reference list example
Lecture notes	Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of notes. Unpublished manuscript, unit code, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana. Rooney, R, (2012) Handout 2: Introduction to Ethics. Unpublished manuscript, BMS226, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana. OR Rooney, R, (2012) Handout 2: Introduction to Ethics. Unpublished manuscript, BMS226, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana. Retrieved from BMS226 http://www.bms226.blogspot.com/2012/01/2-introduction-to-ethics.html

EXAMPLE OF IN-TEXT CITATION

There are no legal protections for journalists and media workers in Swaziland despite the formal constitutional protection (SADC, 2004:47).

In Swaziland, customary law, which has equal status with the Roman Dutch Common Law and statutes, continues to restrict freedom of the media and freedom of expression. Although, in theory, the constitution is supreme over all other laws, unwritten customary law wields enormous power in practice and because Swazi Law and Custom is not codified, it cannot be tested against the constitution (MISA, 2007:2-3).

Tensions between the government and the independent media in Swaziland, which were high in the years proceeding the signing of the constitution, remain so.

In the past years the media have become quite vocal in terms of exposing issues of bad governance, corruption and fiscal irresponsibility, although there is still a tendency to ‘tread carefully’ with regard to the issues they address and the manner in which they do it (Dlamini, 2006:175).

Cultural traditions that promote a culture of silence and non-questioning of authority have led to certain stories not seeing the light of day or to journalists exercising self-censorship on pertinent national issues. The media have also been the recipient of an onslaught of criticism from the entire spectrum of the national leadership including the King, Queen Mother, the Prime Minister, cabinet ministers, parliamentarians and traditional leaders (Dlamini, 2006:176; MISA, 2007:38).

According to Dlamini, ‘They have all questioned the media’s right to press freedom, asserting that the media in Swaziland is too free and responsible for damaging the image of the country internationally. In their view the media is disrespectful and abusing its freedom by exposing issues that should not be addressed’ (Dlamini, 2006:176).

EXAMPLE OF A REFERENCE LIST

REFERENCES

Anon. 2007. Report on the workshop to review the draft media laws and access to information legislation for the Kingdom of Swaziland. Unpublished workshop    report. 2007-03-28.

Dlamini, L. 2006. Interesting times in the Kingdom of Swaziland: the advent of the  new constitution and the challenge of change. In: Minnie, J. (ed). Outside  the ballot box preconditions for elections in southern Africa, 2005-2006:167-180.   Windhoek: MISA.

House of Assembly. 2007. Investigating contempt charges against the Times Sunday editor. The House of Assembly Select Committee. Government of the  Kingdom of Swaziland, Mbabane.

International Bar Association. 2003. Striving for democratic governance: an analysis of the Swaziland constitution. The International Bar Association: www.eisa.org.za/PDF/ED_Swaziland2003.pdf. Accessed: 2008-03-25.

Mabuza, N. 2007. Swaziland. In: So this is democracy? State of media freedom in  southern Africa 2006. Windhoek: MISA.

Mamba, S. 2005. Swaziland. In: So this is democracy? State of media freedom in southern Africa 2004. Windhoek: MISA.

MISA, 2007. African Media Barometer, Swaziland 2007. Windhoek: MISA.

Ndlovu, N. 2006. Swaziland: King Mswati III gags the media. African News  Dimension, 2006-05-09.

Nkambule, M. 2008. Qhawe punches holes in MISA report. Weekend Observer:                 2008-02-02:13.

Norris, C. 2001. Media law and practice in southern Africa – Swaziland. Article 19,  London.

Rooney, R. 2007. The Swazi press and its contribution to good governance. In: Global media journal – African edition. 1:  http://academic.sun.ac.za/gmja/Aca4.htm. 2007-10-29.

Rooney, R. 2008. Swaziland. In: So this is democracy? State of media freedom in   southern Africa 2007. Windhoek: MISA.

Southern African Development Community. 2004. Media law, a comparative  overview of media laws and practice in Botswana, Swaziland and Zambia.    Johannesburg: Konrad Adenauer Foundation.

  

Times of Swaziland. 2007. A time to mourn. 2007-10-23:2.

US State Department. 2008. Country report on human rights practices – Swaziland 2007. Washington. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor.  http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100507.htm. Accessed: 2008-03-    25.  

Weekend Observer. 2007. The high court of Swaziland judgement. 2007-11-10, supplement: 1-4